Author Archives
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Cultural Studies in the United States
Cultural studies emerged as a distinctive academic discipline in the English-speaking world between the 1960s and the 1990s as part of the broad shift in universities to new kinds of interdisciplinary analysis. Parallel to contemporaneous developments in ethnic studies and… Read More ›
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Cultural Studies in the United Kingdom
While the field of literary studies from its inception took as its exclusive object of interest the literary canon, cultural studies has generally been concerned with what is left over, popular or mass culture—newspapers, magazines, radio, film, television, popular song,… Read More ›
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Postcolonial (Cultural) Studies
Postcolonial (cultural) studies (PCS) constitutes a major intervention in the widespread revisionist project that has impacted academia since the 1960s—together with such other counterdiscourses that are gaining academic and disciplinary recognition as cultural studies, women’s studies, Chicano studies, African-American studies,… Read More ›
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Indian Literary Theory and Criticism
The Western tradition of literary theory and criticism essentially derives from the Greeks, and there is a sense in which Plato, Aristotle, and Longinus mark out positions and debates that are still being played out today. At a moment when… Read More ›
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Historical Criticism
Historical theory and criticism embraces not only the theory and practice of literary historiographical representation but also other types of criticism that, often without acknowledgment, presuppose a historical ground or adopt historical methods in an ad hoc fashion. Very frequently,… Read More ›
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Drama Theory
Aristotle‘s Poetics, the first major text of Western drama theory, defined the terms of much subsequent discussion. Unlike such classical Eastern theoretical works on drama as the Sanskrit Natyasastra or Zeami Motokiyo’s writings on Noh, it makes only minor passing… Read More ›
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Chicago Critics
In 1937, John Crowe Ransom claimed that if the fledgling movement “for the erection of intelligent standards of criticism” were to succeed, “the credit would probably belong to Professor Ronald S. Crane, of the University of Chicago, more than to… Read More ›
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Bloomsbury Group
Desmond MacCarthy’s claim that there “is little in common between the work of Lytton Strachey, Virginia Woolf, Clive Bell, David Garnett, Roger Fry, Maynard Keynes, Leonard Woolf, Vanessa Bell, Duncan Grant, E. M. Forster” (Memories 172) is a useful starting… Read More ›
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Analysis of Thomas De Quincey’s On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth
Thomas De Quincey’s essay On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth is one of the best known of his critical works-it appears in most anthologies of criticism and nineteenth-century prose, and is hailed it as “the finest romantic criticism.”… Read More ›
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Analysis of Edward Said‘s Orientalism
Edward Said‘s publication of Orientalism (1978) made such an impact on thinking about colonial discourse that for two decades it has continued to be the site of controversy, adulation and criticism. Said‘s intervention is designed to illustrate the manner in… Read More ›
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Behaviourism
The ideas of behaviourism have their roots in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. John B. Watson, an American working in the realm of the new psychology, is widely accepted as one of the earliest proponents of behaviourism. He… Read More ›
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Functional/Systemic Grammar
A functional grammar is one which seeks to derive syntactic structures from the functions which language is said to perform. All syntactic analyses take some account of functional categories. Terms such as subject and object, for example, are of this… Read More ›
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Cognitive, Constructivist Learning
Constructivist Theories The area of constructivism, in the field of learning, comes under the broad heading of cognitive science. Cognitive science is an expansive area. It has its roots in the first half of the twentieth century at a time… Read More ›
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Grammar-Translation Method
Richards and Schmidt (Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics 2002, p. 231) have defined the grammar-translation method as “a method of foreign or second language teaching which makes use of translation and grammar study as the main teaching… Read More ›
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Analysis of Stuart Hall’s Encoding/Decoding
Arguably the single most widely circulated and debated of all Hall’s papers, ‘Encoding/decoding’ (1973/1980) had a major impact on the direction of cultural studies in the 1970s and 1980s and its central terms remain keywords in the field. The essay… Read More ›
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Transformational Generative Grammar
In the 1950s, Noam Chomsky introduced into linguistics the notion of a generative grammar, which has proved to be very influential. Now there are very many different types of generative grammar which can be conceived of, and Chomsky himself defined… Read More ›
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Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics, or the study of language in relation to society, is a relative newcomer to the linguistic fold. It wasn’t until the early 1960s, largely as a result of William Labov’s work in America, and Peter Trudgill’s in Britain, that… Read More ›
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NTA UGC NET English June 2020 Shift 2 Questions and Answers
1 Answer: 1 2 Answer: 3 3. Answer: 2 4. Answer: 1 5 Answer: 2 6 Answer: 2 7 Answer: 2 8 Answer: 4 9 Answer: 3 10 Answer: 3 11 Answer: 2 12 Answer: 2 13 Answer: 3 14… Read More ›
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NTA UGC NET English June 2020 Questions and Answers
1 Answer: 1 2. Answer: 4 3. Answer: 1 4. Answer: 3 5. Answer: 3 6. Answer: 2 7. Answer: 2 8. Answer: 1 9. Answer: 4 10. Answer: 2 11. … Read More ›
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Lecturer in English Kerala PSC Questions 2020
All questions are compulsory. 1. Write a brief note on Blending.2. What are the major themes explained by Andrew Marvel in ‘To His Coy Mistress’?3. What are Nasals?4. How does S.T. Coleridge differentiate between fancy and imagination?5. Explain briefly Laura… Read More ›
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